Awọn irin refractory nigbagbogbo tọka si awọn irin wọnyẹn ti o ni aaye yo ni ju 2200K, gẹgẹbi Hf, Nb, Ta, Mo, W ati Re, tabi pẹlu gbogbo awọn irin iyipada ti ẹgbẹ IV si ẹgbẹ VI ti Tabili Igbakọọkan, ie awọn irin. Ti, Zr, V ati Cr pẹlu awọn aaye yo laarin 1941K ati 2180K.Iwọnyi ṣe afihan awọn ẹya iyatọ diẹ sii ni itanna, itanna, awọn ohun elo resistance ipata ni iwọn otutu ibaramu, awọn ohun-ini ẹrọ, iṣelọpọ, awọn ifosiwewe eto-ọrọ, ati awọn ohun-ini pataki fun awọn ohun elo ilana kemikali ni akawe si awọn ohun elo ibile diẹ sii ti a lo ninu ile-iṣẹ ilana.Awọn irin Kekere jẹ oniruuru bi tellurium, cadmium, bismuth, indium zirconium ati bẹbẹ lọ, eyiti o ṣe pataki fun ati ṣe alabapin nla si iṣẹ ile-iṣẹ naa.
To ti ni ilọsiwaju yellow semikondokito tiCadmium Arsenide CDAsati awọn miiran Arsenides agbo GaAs NbAs Nb5As3Ninu As,Selenium Sulfide Ses2ati awọn agbo ogun Sulfides miiran CdS, Bi2S3, Bi2S3,Ga2S3,GES2Ninu2S3,MOS2,TiS2,SeS2Ag2S, SnS2Sulfides ri to electrolytes Li2S+GeS2+P2S5 ati Li2S+SiS2+ Al2S3ohun elo elekiturodu apapo,Zinc Telluride ZnTeati awọn agbo ogun Tellurides miiranAs2Te3,Ga2Te3,CDTe,CdZnTe(CZT),CdMnTe(CMT),Cu2Te, Gete, Bi2Te3,InTe,PbTe,MoTe2, Sb2Te3WTE2, atiSinkii Selenide ZnSeati awọn agbo ogun Selenides miiran Sb2Se3,Bi2Se3, Bi2Se3CDSe, Ga2Se3Ninu2Se3,Mose2, SnSe, CuSe, PbSe, Wse2ZnSe ati be be lo wa ọpọlọpọ awọn ohun elo bii ohun elo elekitiroti, ohun elo semikondokito, ifihan QLED, IC ati awọn aaye ohun elo ile-iṣẹ miiran.O jẹ ibi-afẹde wa lati jẹ deede, igbẹkẹle ati orisun ti ifarada fun awọn ibeere ohun elo rẹ nigbakugba.